Timeline of Indias Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire stretched across most of northern and central India, and what is now Pakistan, from 1526 to 1857, when the British exiled the last Mughal emperor. Together, the Muslim Mughal rulers and their predominantly Hindu subjects created a golden age in Indian history, full of art, scientific achievement, and stunning architecture. Later in the Mughal period, however, the emperors faced increasing encroachment by the French and the British, which ended with the fall of the Mughal Empire in 1857. Timeline of Mughal India April 21, 1526: First Battle of Panipat, Babur defeats Ibrahim Lodhi, Sultan of Delhi, and founds Mughal EmpireMarch 17, 1527: Battle of Khanwa, Babur conquers the combined army of the Rajput princes and takes control of much of northern IndiaDec. 26, 1530: Babur dies, is succeeded by son HumayanJuly 11, 1543: Pashtun leader Sher Shah Suri defeats Humayan, drives him into exile in Afghanistan1554: Humayan travels to Persia, hosted by Safavid emperorJuly 23, 1555: Discord among Sher Shah Suris successors allows Humayun to retake control of northern India, be restored to Mughal throneJan. 17, 1556: Humayan falls down stairs and dies, succeeded by 13-year-old son Akbar, later Akbar the GreatNov. 5, 1556: Second Battle of Panipat, child Emperor Akbars army defeats Hemus Hindu forces1560s - 1570s: Akbar consolidates Mughal rule over much of northern and central India, as well as what is now Pakistan and BangladeshOct. 27, 1605: Akbar the Great dies, succeeded by his son Jahangir1613: The British East India Company defeats Portuguese at Surat, Gujarat State and establishes the  first warehouse in India1615: Britain sends the first ambassador, Sir Thomas Roe, to Mughal court1620s: Mughal art reaches a high point under Jahangirs rule1627: Emperor Jahangir dies, succeeded by son Shah Jahan1632: Shah Jahan orders destruction of newly-built Hindu temples, breaking with Mughal record of religious tolerance1632: Shah Jahan designs and begins building Taj Mahal as a tomb for his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal1644: British East India Company builds Fort St. George in Madras (now Chennai), southeast coastal India1658: Aurangzeb imprisons his father, Shah Jahan, for the rest of his life in the Red Fort at Agra1660s-1690s: Aurangzeb expands Mughal rule to more than 3.2 million square km, including Assam, the Deccan plateau, and parts of southern India1671: Aurangzeb orders construction of the Badshahi Mosque at Lahore, now in Pakistan1696: Establishment of British East India Comp anys Fort William on Ganges delta, fort and trading factory which becomes Calcutta (Kolkata)March 3, 1707: Death of Aurangzeb marks the end of Mughal Golden Era, beginning of slow decline; he is succeeded by son Bahadur Shah IFeb. 27, 1712: Bahadur Shah I dies, succeeded by incompetent son Jahandar ShahFeb. 11, 1713: Jahandar Shah is executed by agents of nephew Farrukhsiyar, who takes the Mughal throne1713 - 1719: Weak-willed Emperor Farrukhsiyar falls under the control of Syed brothers, two generals and king-makers who had helped depose Jahandar ShahFeb. 28, 1719: Syed brothers have Emperor Farrukhsiyar blinded and strangled; his cousin Rafi ud-Darjat becomes new Mughal emperorJune 13, 1719: 19-year-old Emperor Rafi ud-Darjat is murdered at Agra after just three months on the throne; Syeds appoint brother Rafi ud-Daulah to succeed himSept. 19, 1719: Syeds kill 23-year-old Emperor Rafi ud-Daulah after three months on the throneSept. 27, 1719: Syed brothers place 17-year-old Muhamma d Shah on Mughal throne and rule in his name until 1720Oct. 9, 1720: Emperor Muhammad Shah orders Syed Hussain Ali Khan killed at Fatehpur SikriOct. 12, 1722: Emperor Muhammad Shah has Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha poisoned to death, takes power in his own right1728 - 1763: Mughal-Maratha Wars; Marathas seize Gujarat and Malwa, raid DelhiFeb. 13, 1739: Nader Shah of Persia invades India, wins Battle of Karnal, loots Delhi, steals Mughal Peacock ThroneMarch 11, 1748: Battle of Manipur, Mughal Army defeats Durrani invasion force from AfghanistanApr. 26, 1748: Emperor Muhammad Shah dies, succeeded by 22-year-old son Ahmad Shah BahadurMay  1754: Battle of Sikandarabad, Marathas defeat Mughal Imperial Army, kill 15,000 Mughal troopsJune 2, 1754: Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur deposed and blinded by Vizier Imad-ul-Mulk; former emperor spends rest of life in prison, dying in 1775June 3, 1754: Imad-ul-Mulk appoints Alamgir II, the 55-year-old second son of Jahandar Shah, as the new Mughal Empero r1756: British make lurid charges about imprisonment and death of 123 British and Anglo-Indian troops by Bengali captors in Black Hole of Calcutta; story likely fabricatedNov. 29, 1759: Imad-ul-Mulk and Maratha ruler Sadashivrao Bhau conspire to murder Alamgir II, place Aurangzebs grandson Shah Jahan III on Mughal throneOct. 10, 1760: Shah Jahan III deposed after less than a year, but survives until 1772; succeeded by Alamgir IIs son, Shah Alam IIOct. 1760 - 1806: Emperor Shah Alam II, in alliance with Durranis, works to restore the glory of Mughal EmpireOct. 23, 1764: Battle of Buxar, British East India Company defeats the combined army of Emperor Shah Alam II and the nawabs of Awadh and BengalNov. 19, 1806: Emperor Shah Alam II dies, marking the end of effective leadership from Mughal Dynasty; he is succeeded by hapless son Akbar Shah II, who is a puppet of the BritishSept. 28, 1837: Akbar Shah II dies at age of 77, succeeded as a puppet ruler by son Bahadur Shah II1857: Use of po rk and/or beef fat on army cartridges sets off the Sepoy Mutiny or Indian Revolt1858: British use Indian Revolt of 1857 as the pretext to exile last Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah II, to Rangoon, Burma; Mughal dynasty ends

Data Gathering Techniques - 877 Words

Data Gathering Techniques Data Gathering Techniques Interview †¢ Interviews can be conducted in person or over the telephone. †¢ Questions should be focused, clear, and encourage open-ended responses. †¢ Interviews are mainly qualitative in nature. Data Gathering Techniques Advantages of interviews The main advantages of interviews are: †¢ they are useful to obtain detailed information about personal feelings, perceptions and opinions †¢ they allow more detailed questions to be asked †¢ they usually achieve a high response rate †¢ respondents own words are recorded †¢ ambiguities can be clarified and incomplete answers followed up †¢ interviewees are not influenced by others in the group †¢ some interviewees may be less self-conscious in a†¦show more content†¦changes of emotions, behavior, feelings etc. †¢ Lacks validity †¢ There is no way to tell how truthful a respondent is being †¢ There is no way of telling how much thought a respondent has put in †¢ The respondent may be forgetful or not thinking within the full context of the situation Data Gathering Techniques Observations †¢ Allows for the study of the dynamics of a situation, frequency counts of target behaviors, or other behaviors as indicated by needs of the evaluation. †¢ Good source for providing additional information about a particular group, can use video to provide documentation Data Gathering Techniques †¢ Can produce qualitative (e.g., narrative data) and quantitative data (e.g., frequency counts, mean length of interactions, and instructional time) Data Gathering Techniques Advantages of Observations †¢ Collect data where and when an event or activity is occurring . †¢ Does not rely on people’s willingness to provide information. †¢ Directly see what people do rather than relying on what they say they do. Data Gathering Techniques Disadvantages of Observations †¢ Susceptible to observer bias †¢ Hawthorne effect – people usually perform better when they know they are being observed †¢ Does notShow MoreRelatedResearch Is A Vital Tool For Education849 Words   |  4 Pagesto accurately observe broad pools of student, respond to data, and thus become better educators. 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Nelson Mandela s Eradication Of The Apartheid - 1327 Words

Nelson Mandela was one of the most influential activists, and his legacy remains not just in South Africa but the entire world. Nelson Mandela participated in the eradication of the apartheid, and in 1994 became South Africa’s first black president. Mandela and many other black South Africans worked hard to end the unjust segregation in South Africa, and they were successful in destroying the wicked apartheid system. Over 20 years after the eradication of the apartheid, is South Africa completely free of the past segregation and social problems it faced before? Even though activists like Mandela changed many social problems the country faced, sadly segregation and racism until this day haunts the country. The social problems in this country includes social stigmas that both races have for each other, economical differences between the black and white populations, and the segregation of schools and neighborhoods. 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The Development Of Mathematical Psychology - 1560 Words

Psychology established into a mathematical discipline through a series of events during history. This establishment led to the development of mathematical psychology; a field encompassing empirical methodology (Benjafield, 2015). Furthermore, through the implementation of math in psychology, findings from previous and current studies of psychology influenced the plethora of knowledge available today—directly impacting society’s understanding and application of psychological phenomena. This is articulated through mathematical ideas originating from the ancient Greeks, which inspired further research in the field – abundantly, throughout the past three centuries (18th to 21st) (Benjafield, 2015). Specifically, ideas from Euclid in ancient Greece inspired Gustav Fechner to develop mathematical concepts in his formation of psychophysics (Zudini, 2011). In the 18th century, arguments regarding the implementation of math in science were becoming a common query. 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Theories of Leadership and Motivation Free Essays

string(222) " leaders into moral agents † Transformational leading is pass oning with the leaders and the squad members to take them to higher degree something like a leader can go a moral agent and the follower can go a leader\." Introduction: Leadership is the character which every administration wants to see in their staff and the individual who is self motivated and who can actuate the squad members become a good director. Leadership is nil but animating the squad leader is the 1 who does it, inspiration is nil but motive. So leading and motive is a chemical science which can take any hard undertaking to success. We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Leadership and Motivation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The leading and motive chemical science is largely helpful in direction sector whether it is in concern or in the squad ; every person posse ‘s leading but the 1 who patterns on the spell go a perfect leader. The chief facet a leader consists is a vision for the certain intent. When a undertaking or undertaking is taken over by a company the company searches for a leader who posses cognition on the undertaking and vision how to develop the undertaking, make usage of co-workers and give the administration a net income on it. A leader tends to act upon the undertaking to be continued and alter to be taken topographic point to do the administration profitable. There are several theories on leading by great leaders some of them say that â€Å" leading is an action non place or individual † . These theories help to fix a perfect leader, all these theories are proposed and practiced by great leaders and directors but latest direction considers a leader who follows his function. Leadership theories: Sing leading reveals school of idea giving different leading theories such as Great Man theory, trait theory, behaviorist theory, situational leading theory, eventuality theory, transactional theory and transformational theory. Great adult male theory is the 1 proposed before 20th century where it says that leaders are born with the endowment and leader should be a adult male this lead to the following theory trait theory. Trait theory: The trait theory rose from the constructs of the ‘Great Man ‘approach. This theory leads to place the of import features of a successful leader. The people who got the characters as defined by the traits attack are isolated or shortlisted and those are recruited as leaders. This type of attack was largely implemented in military and still used in some of the country. Harmonizing to the trait theory the individual who got the undermentioned accomplishments is said to be a trait. Ambitious and success oriented Adaptable to all sorts of state of affairss Co operative to all the members in the organisation Highly active or energetic Dominative Good determination devising ability Self-assured Adaptable to emphasize conditions and Reliable. These are the characters which make a individual trait and they should posses some accomplishments which are Skills Intelligent Skilled conceptually Creative Fluent in speech production Tactful Self motivated and self belief Skilled socially When these sorts of accomplishments and characters are identified in the individual, the individual is recruited in the squad. Behavioral theory: The trait survey does n’t give any conclusive consequences and it was difficult to mensurate some more critical issues such as honestness, unity and trueness. This leaded the attending to be diverted on to the behavior theories. The behavior theory focuses on human relationship and success public presentation every bit good. Harmonizing to behavioral theory the director believes that the working environment should be like an amusement topographic point where the outgo of mental and physical attempts is treated to be drama and remainder. The thought of director is an mean individual non merely learns to accept but besides seek duty. The people will automatically larn to exert self-denial and self way to accomplish the end or mark. The organisational jobs can go inventive and originative. Contingency theory theoretical account: This theory illustrates that there are many ways for the director to take the squad to acquire best result. Harmonizing to the state of affairs the director can happen a best manner to acquire the best result. Fiedler worked on eventuality theory harmonizing to that he looked for three state of affairss which define the status of a managerial undertaking. Leader and squad member relationship Work construction or undertaking construction Position and power The director should keep relation with their squad members to acquire along and make assurance and do them experience free to believe about the undertaking and give their thoughts to assist the undertaking to be finished. Undertaking construction is the occupation extremely structured or unstructured or in between. The power shows how much authorization a director does posses. This theory rates the director whether the trough is relationship oriented or undertaking oriented. The undertaking oriented directors gets success in such state of affairss where there is good leader and squad member relationship and structured undertakings or undertakings does n’t count whether the place power is weak or strong. And acquire success when the undertaking is unstructured and does hold any kind of good vision by holding a strong power and place. The variables which affect the undertaking such as environmental variables are combined in a heavy some and differentiated as favorable and unfavorable state of affairss. The undertaking oriented direction manner depends on the favorable and unfavorable environment variables but the relationship direction manner stays in the center by pull offing or altering the variables to roll up with their manner. Both manners of directions got their sides to be good when all the public presentation and squad work good in the undertakings. There is no good or bad direction in these two directions. Task motivated direction manner leaders do best when the squad performs good and they are good in accomplishing good gross revenues record and public presentation better than their rival where as the relationship oriented leaders are helpful to derive positive client service and construct a positive image to the administration. Transactional and transformational leading: Transformational leading â€Å" is a relationship of common simulation and lift that converts the followings in to leaders and may change over leaders into moral agents † Transformational leading is pass oning with the leaders and the squad members to take them to higher degree something like a leader can go a moral agent and the follower can go a leader. Transactional leading technique builds the individual to complete the certain undertaking such as occupation done for the clip being. Some of the differences between transactional and transformational leading are Transactional manner of leading builds a adult male to finish a certain undertaking where as transformational manners builds a member to go a leader. This focuses on undertaking completion and tactical manner of direction where as transformational leading focal point on schemes and missions. These are some theories of the leading which shows how a leader act on different state of affairss and how different leaders behave to acquire success in the organisation. Motivation in Management: Theories of motive: The theories of motive can be divided into 3 wide classs. Reinforcement theories – stress the agencies through which the procedure of commanding an person ‘s behaviour by pull stringsing its effects takes topographic point . . Contented theories – focal point chiefly on single demands – the physiological or psychological lacks that we feel a irresistible impulse to cut down or extinguish. Procedure theories – focal point on the idea or cognitive procedures that take topographic point within the heads of people and that control their behaviour. Early Theories of Motivation: Hierarchy of Needs Theory Theory X and Theory Y Motivation-Hygiene Theory Contemporary Theories of Motivation: ERG Theory McClelland ‘s Theory of Needs Cognitive Evaluation Theory Undertaking Features Theories Goal-Setting Theory Equity Theory Hierarchy of Needs Theory: Abraham Maslow hypothesized that within every human being there exists a hierarchy of five demands: Physiological. Safety. Social. Esteem. Self-actualization. Maslow so categorized these 5 demands into lower-order demands and higher-order needs.Lower-order demands are needs that are satisfied externally: physiological and safety needs.Higher-order demands are needs that are satisfied internally ( within the individual ) : societal, esteem, and self-actualization demands. Theory X and Theory Y of Douglas McGrogor: McGregor concluded that a director ‘s vision of the nature of human existences is based on a certain blend of premises and that he or she tends to model his or her actions toward subsidiaries harmonizing to these premises: Employees of course dislike work and, whenever possible, will try to avoid it Since employees dislike work, they must be coerced, controlled, or threatened with penalty to accomplish ends Employees will avoid duties and seek formal way whenever possible Motivation-hygiene Theory: Harmonizing to Herzberg, the factors taking to occupation satisfaction are spliting and distinguishable from those that leads to occupation dissatisfaction. Hygiene factors include factors such as: company policy and disposal, supervising, interpersonal dealingss, working conditions, and salary. Motivator factors include factors such as: attainment, acknowledgment, the work itself, duty and growing. Hygiene Factors Company regulation and direction ; Supervision ; association with supervisor ; Work fortunes ; Salary ; Relationship with equals ; Personal life ; association with subsidiaries ; Status ; Safety Incentive Factors: attainment recognition ; Work itself ; Duty ; patterned advance ; Growth Contemporary Theories of Motivation: ERG Theory: ERG Theory proposed by Clayton Alderfer of Yale University: Alderfer fights that there are three groups of nucleus demands: Being Relatedness Growth Existence group is worried with supplying our basic stuff being demands. Relatedness group is the desire we have for keeping of import interpersonal relationships McClelland ‘s Theory of Needs: McClelland ‘s theory of demands focal points on three demands: Accomplishment Power Affiliation Cognitive Evaluation Theory: Allocating extrinsic wagess for behavior that had been antecedently per se rewarded tends to diminish the overall degree of motive. ( This construct was proposed in the late sixtiess. ) The mutuality of extrinsic and intrinsic wagess is a existent phenomenon Undertaking Characteristics Theories: These theories seek to place undertaking features of occupations, how these features are combined to organize different occupations, and their relationship to employee motive, satisfaction, and public presentation. Goal-setting theory: Specific and hard ends lead to higher public presentation. Feedback leads to higher public presentation than non-feedback. In add-on to feedback, 2 other factors have been found to act upon the goals-performance relationship. These are: Goal committedness. Sufficient self-efficacy. Equity Theory: Persons make comparings of their occupation inputs and outcomes relations to those of others and so move in response so as to take any unfairnesss ‘ . Stacy Adams proposed that this negative tenseness province provides the motive to make something to rectify it. There are 4 referent comparings that employee can utilize: Self-inside. Self-outside. Other – interior. Other – exterior. Decision The alteration in the leading theories clip by clip says that the leader should posses certain characters which lead the organizational success whether to believe in keeping a relationship or to travel on tactically the director or the leader should move to the state of affairs and acquire success at the terminal. Depending on the companies motive the leader should respond or act with the squad members to accomplish the mark. Normally keeping a good relation helps to do the squad members life easy and pull off the work merrily. The squad members become more advanced and achieve marks easy where as with tactical manner leading may make some kind of force per unit area on the squad members, there is no warrant that in every state of affairs relational ship direction is successful. the leader should accommodate himself for the state of affairs and move harmonizing to a peculiar state of affairs. We have discussed above merely a aggregation of the motive theories and ideas of the assorte d advocates of direction.In some of the theories and sentiment presented, nevertheless, one can detect some ‘glimpses ‘ of the individual and how, possibly, he or she could be motivated. This is fulfilling in itself. But, as noted earlier, pattern has been in progress of theory in this field, so allow us now move to the realistic side of direction of human behavior and motive in the workplace. How to cite Theories of Leadership and Motivation, Essay examples

Homosexuality Biological or Learned Behavior free essay sample

Homosexuality: Biological or Learned Behavior Axia College of University of Phoenix Homosexuality is at the front lines of the nature versus nurture debate. Many studies have been conducted, but a clear cause has yet to be found. Anti-homosexuals, consisting mainly of religious groups, believe that homosexuality is abnormal, unnatural, and can be changed. Because of their beliefs, homosexuality must be a learned behavior. Whether homosexuality is biological or learned behavior is still a mystery, but scientists are finding more evidence to suggest the former. Webster’s online dictionary defines abnormal as deviating from the normal or average. By that definition alone homosexuality is abnormal, but there are other things that are â€Å"abnormal† which are acceptable in today’s society. According to the 2000 United States Census Bureau report, 75. 1 percent of Americans are Caucasian. So it is logical to assume the â€Å"average† American is Caucasian, but not being Caucasian is not considered abnormal. We will write a custom essay sample on Homosexuality: Biological or Learned Behavior or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Minorities have genetic traits that make them different, and it is impossible to change these genetic traits. The same concept holds true for homosexuals. Homosexuals are a minority because they are biologically different from the majority. So what makes them different? Studies show there is clear a difference between the brains of homosexuals and heterosexuals, and part of it lies within the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is a small part of the brain that controls sexual behavior, among other things, and it responds to pheromones (Hypothalamus, n. d. ). Several nuclei in the hypothalamus are sexually dimorphic; this includes the interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus (INAH). The INAH is a nucleus located between the groups of tissue in the anterior hypothalamus. Although there are four INAH, only the INAH3 is widely accepted as sexually dimorphic (LeVay, 1991). Figure 1 displays the location of the hypothalamus and INAH 1-4, and a size comparison between a heterosexual male and female brain. Figure 1. (A) Location of Hypothalamus and INAH 1-4. (B-D) Shows a size comparison of INAH 1-4 between a heterosexual male and heterosexual female. Allen et al. , 1989 Heterosexual males have a larger INAH3 than heterosexual females. Simon LeVay conducted a study in which he compared the size of the INAH3 between 19 homosexual males, 16 heterosexual males, and six heterosexual females. LeVay (1991) found that homosexual males have a smaller INAH3 than heterosexual males, and their INAH3 is only slightly larger than the INAH3 of heterosexual females. The study suggests that the cause of homosexuality is located in the brain, but Anti-homosexuals do not agree with his findings. Anti-homosexuals criticize virtually every aspect of his study. They claim that LeVay was biased because of his own sexual orientation, despite him stating: I did not prove that homosexuality is genetic, or find a genetic cause for being gay. I didnt show that gay men are born that way, the most common mistake people make in interpreting my work. Nor did I locate a gay center in the brainINAH3 is less likely to be the sole gay nucleus of the brain than part of a chain of nuclei engaged in men and womens sexual behavior. My work is just a hint in that directiona spur, I hope, to future work. (Nimmons, 1994,  ¶ 4) In their opinion the sample size was too small, and the fact 56. 5 percent of the samples died of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) related complications renders the entire study mute since the disease lowers testosterone, and there is hardly any evidence to suggest that AIDS did not create the differences in size (Chun, 2003). They also claim LeVay did not properly measure the INAH3. According to Dallas (n. d. ), â€Å"His peers in the neuroscientific community cannot agree on whether the INAH3 should be measured by its size/volume or by its number of neurons† (para. 2). It is unclear if behavior can affect the brain structure or if the brain structure affects behavior, so the difference between homosexual men and heterosexual men is not valid (Dallas, para. 3). Lastly, they criticize the fact LeVay could not guarantee the sexuality of his subjects (Dallas, para. 3). However, this discrepancy probably explains why 17 percent of the group contradicted the study (three heterosexual males had smaller INAH3 while three homosexual males had larger INAH3). In spite of these denigrations, it is clear that homosexuality possibly has a biologic substrate. Just as LeVay found evidence of variation between the heterosexual and homosexual brains so did Swedish scientists Ivanka Savic and Per Lindstro? m. They have produced three incredibly interesting and compelling studies. In the first two studies they documented how males and females of both sexual orientations responded to human pheromones. The researchers had the test subjects smell four ordinary aromas and male and female hormones while their brains were being scanned with positron emission tomography (PET). Fascinatingly, the normal scents activated the part of the brain which processes smells, but the hormones were processed by the hypothalamus in most. Heterosexual men’s hypothalamus processed the female hormones, but scent area processed the male hormones. The opposite was found for heterosexual females (Schmid, 2006). On the other hand, homosexual males’ hypothalamus responded to males hormones while the scent area processed the female hormones (USATODAY, 2005). However, the homosexual females processed both hormones in the scent area. Straight men and lesbians found the female hormone more pleasing than the male hormone, and were more likely to be irritated by the male hormones. Straight women found both hormones to be equally pleasing, but were more likely to be irritated by the female hormone (Schmid, 2006). The studies show there is a biological aspect to homosexuality. In addition to the scent studies, Savic and Lindstro? m conducted another brain study in which the researchers found there were more similarities between the brains of heterosexuals and their homosexual counterparts. They used PET scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to help document the findings. According to Savic and Lindstro? m (2008): Cerebral responses to putative pheromones and objects of sexual attraction were recently found to differ between homo- and heterosexual subjects. Although this observation may merely mirror perceptional differences, it raises the intriguing question as to whether certain sexually dimorphic features in the brain may differ between individuals of the same sex but different sexual orientation. We addressed this issue by studying hemispheric asymmetry and functional connectivity, two parameters that in previous publications have shown specific sex differences. †¦The present study shows sex-atypical cerebral asymmetry and functional connections in homosexual subjects. The results cannot be primarily ascribed to learned effects, and they suggest a linkage to neurobiological entities. ( ¶1) The study consisted of 25 heterosexual men (HeM), 25 heterosexual women (HeW), 20 homosexual men (HoM), and 20 homosexual women (HoW), for a total of 90 subjects. HeW and HoM did not show asymmetry in the brain hemispheres, but HeM and HoW did show asymmetry. Figure 2 shows the MRI overlay which illustrates how similar the connectivity pattern is among the different sexual orientations. This study also strongly suggests that homosexuality is biological. Nonetheless, Anti-homosexuals have complaints. As with the LeVay study, they claim that behavior can affect the brain so the studies results do not prove homosexuality is biological, since there is no way to tell if the subjects’ brain changed over time (Wade, 2005). However, the results provide more information about homosexuality. Figure 2. MRI Scan Results Overlay. Savic ; Lindstrom, 2008 The next controversial study provides a strong case against the unnaturalness of homosexuality. A study by researchers in the Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) has found sexual orientation in rams is determined by the brain (2004). The researchers discovered group of nerve cells in the medial preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus (MPOA/AH) of the sheep brain, which they labeled as the ovine sexually dimorphic nucleus (oSDN) (Roselli, Larkin, Resko, Stellflug, ; Stormshak, 2004). The study also found sheep that prefer female rams have a larger oSDN and the hormone levels drastically differ based on sexual preference (Roselli et al. , 2004). However, Dr. Whitehead argues the mounting of male rams by other male rams is a dominance behavior (NARTH, n. d. ). But the researchers only deemed the male sheep homosexual if they decided to mount a constrained male over a constrained female five out five 10-minute sessions (Roselli et al. , 2004). Dr. Whitehead argues this is because the ram instinctively knows it must subdue the male ram before attempting the mate with the female (NARTH, n. . ). He also claims if the test ram has a poor sense of smell its behavior could be attributed to that. Dr. Whitehead’s last criticism has been mentioned numerous times before; there is no proof that the behavior did not alter the brain. Despite these criticisms, it is evident homosexuality is far from unnatural. The leading reason homosexuality is viewed as a learned behavio r is because some people view homosexuality as being unnatural. When the phrase â€Å"natural order† is heard, what thoughts come to mind? The average person would think about animals. Animal behavior is the perfect indicator of what qualifies as natural or unnatural. Animals are not tethered by the bias and ideologies of humankind. Biologists, like Joan Roughgarden, have documented over 450 different species of animals that engage in either homosexual or bisexual behavior (Barber, 2009). Some species, for example, penguins maintain their homosexual pairings for life. Anti-homosexuals proclaim homosexuality is unnatural because it is anti-procreation (Magnan, n. d. ), but how can something so common in the animal kingdom be unnatural? It was once believed that animals mate only as a means of continuing the species; however, if animals can engage in sexual activity for pleasure why is it a crime against nature for humans to do the same? One must come to the conclusion that homosexuality is natural. Sexual orientation is not a choice, but anti-homosexuals insist that it is and therefore they argue that it can be changed. According to Nevid and Rathus (2005), â€Å"Sexual orientation is a statement about romantic or erotic interest and attraction, not sexual behavior† (p. 374). Simply put, people do not choose who they are attracted to. Anti-homosexuals are correct when they say homosexual behavior is a choice, but why should anyone force himself or herself to do something he or she does not like? Are we the people not entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness? This question opens the door to the topic of conversion therapy. Conversion therapy is a controversial subject, and despite what religious groups want people to believe, it is not very successful. Only people who are truly unhappy with themselves benefit from the therapy (Thomas, 1997). The National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH) conducted a two-year conversion therapy study consisting of 860 homosexual subjects. When surveyed, 90 percent of the subjects considered themselves to be predominately homosexual before treatment, but only 33 percent considered themselves to be predominately heterosexual after treatment (Thomas, 1997). In conclusion unwanted homosexual behavior can be changed, but the person’s sexual orientation will remain the same. The sad truth is the person only wants to change so he or she can be accepted by society and not condemned by his or her faith. Anti-homosexuals have criticisms for every study that remotely suggests homosexuality is biological. They say homosexuality is abnormal, but it is clear there are differences between the brains of heterosexuals and homosexuals of the same gender in humans and animals. It has been documented that over 450 species engage in homosexual or transgendered behavior, yet anti-homosexuals say homosexuality is unnatural. Sexual orientation is not a choice and no amount of therapy can change it. Do not be blinded by anti-homosexuals propaganda. Despite what you believe, I ask you solely to base whether homosexuality is biological or learned behavior on the science, not religious beliefs or homophobia. References 2000 Census of Population and Housing. (n. d. ). Retrieved August 12, 2009, from www. census. gov/prod/cen2000/dp1/2kh00. pdf Barber, N. (2009, June 17). Gay animals | Psychology Today. Retrieved August 29, 2009, from http://www. psychologytoday. com/blog/the-human-beast/200906/gay-animals Chun, T. (2003). Studies Proving the Biological Origin of Homosexuality Are Flawed. Current Controversies: Homosexuality. Ed. Helen Cothran. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2003. Retrieved August 12, 2009, from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Apollo Library. Dallas, J. (n. d. ). Pure Intimacy Responding to Pro-gay Social Arguments (Part 1). Retrieved August 12, 2009, from http://www. pureintimacy. org/piArticles/A000000464. cfm Hypothalamus MSN Encarta. (n. d. ). Retrieved August 12, 2009, from http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761582440/Hypothalamus. html LeVay, S. (1991, August 30). A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men. Science, 253 (5023), 1034-1037. Magnan, P. (n. d. ). Homosexuality. Retrieved August 29, 2009, from http://www. bfamilyadvocates. com/homosexuality. htm NARTH. (n. d. ). Gay Ram Claims Questioned By NARTH Leader. Retrieved August 29, 2009, from http://www. narth. com/docs/ram. html Nevid, J. , ; Rathus, S. (2005). Psychology and the challenges of life: Adjustment in the new millennium (9th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley ; Sons. Nimmons, D. (1994, March 1). Sex and the Brain. Retrieved August 12, 2009, from http://discovermagazine. om/1994/mar/sexandthebrain346/? searchterm=levay Oregon Health ; Science University; Biology is behind homosexuality in sheep, study confirms. (2004,  March). Biotech Week, 334. Retrieved August 12, 2009, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. Roselli, C. E. , Larkin, K. , Resko, J. A. , Stellflug, J. N. , ; Stormshak, F. (2004, February 1). The volume of a sexually dimorphic nucleus in the ovine medial preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus varies with sexual partner preference. Endocrinology. 145:478-483. Savic, I. , ; Lindstro? m, P. (2008, June 16). PET and MRI show differences in cerebral asymmetry and functional connectivity between homo- and heterosexual subjects. Retrieved August 12, 2009, from http://www. pnas. org/content/105/27/9403. full Schmid, R. E. , ; Associated Press. (2006, May 8). Lesbians brains respond differently from those of heterosexual women USATODAY. com. Retrieved August 12, 2009, from http://www. usatoday. com/tech/science/discoveries/2006-05-08-lesbian-brain-stu dy_x. htm Cal Thomas. Los Angeles Times Syndicate†¦ (1997,  August  20). GAY CONVERSION A REALITY PSYCHOLOGISTS IGNORE: [NORTH SPORTS FINAL Edition]. Chicago Tribune,p. 19. Retrieved August 29, 2009, from Chicago Tribune USATODAY. com Gay men respond differently to pheromones. (2005, May 9). Retrieved August 12, 2009, from http://www. usatoday. com/news/health/2005-05-09-homosexual-brains_x. htm Wade, N. (2005, May 10). For Gay Men, Different Scent Of Attraction. New York Times. Retrieved August 12, 2009, from ProQuest Database abnormal Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. (n. d. ). Retrieved August 12, 2009, from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/abnormal

Sustainable Management and Marketing for Commonwealth Serum

Question: Discuss about theSustainable Management and Marketing for Commonwealth Serum. Answer: Introduction CSL Company deals with various specialised pharmaceutical products and in this report, its marketing strategies will be discussed in order to develop their effective image in the global pharmaceutical industry. This company was founded in 1916 and their headquarters is situated in Victoria. They are also present in most parts of the world. Under this report, marketing analysis i.e. qualitative and quantitative analysis will be used in order to determine their values as per the size and the volume of the market. They are known for providing adequate qualitative medications to its users and with the effect of this, they have developed their appropriate market image in the dynamic business environment. Major products of CSL Company are antivenom, blood plasma derivation, vaccines and cell culture reagents. All of these products are known as the specialised products of the organization and with the effect of these products success in the market; they have developed their effective goodwi ll in the Australian market. Their revenues were $6.923 billion in the last year. In the next phase of this report, various strategies will be used in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the organization in the global market. Human resources, planning overview and the value chain analysis will be conducted for removing the barriers for the organization which is affecting its performance in the global market. Background CSL Company was founded in 1916 by the Australian government with the name of Commonwealth Serum Laboratories. Their primary activity is to cure the humans of severe diseases through their biotechnological medicines and to perform this function in an adequate manner; they have invented other crucial products like blood plasma derivation, cell culture reagents, etc. Organization was privatised in 1994 and their current CEO is Mr. Paul Perreault. They have gained effective market image in the global market and various hospitals and medical institutions are dependent upon the CSL Company in order to perform their functionalities in better way. These are some of the primary activities of the organization and with these functions; they have acquired an effective image in the global market through serving appropriate qualitative medicines. Their secondary activities include prevention of environment through restoring water, soil and natural resources at cheap prices (CSL, 2017). Being a part of the government bodies in the past, they still follow the same set of policies, rules, and regulations. This helps them to attain the competitive advantage in the global market because governmental considerations are the set of ethical policies which fulfils the requirement of the political, legal and the economic factors of the external business environment. It promotes the company towards the success and the chances of growth factor also increase. As organization is performing its activities on the basis of governmental rules and regulations, price of the products offered by them are quite cheap and they are easily affordable for all types of people. They have adequate amount of social as well as technological factors present in their methodologies which are the biggest strengths of the organization. Apart from CSL, Baxter and Grifols are two major companies which share the market share in the Australian pharmaceutical industry (CSL, 2017). Strategic Planning This is the crucial procedure of the market analysis as this helps the organization to organise its activities in an appropriate manner and in accordance with the global market. The company has adopted various effective strategies in order to attain its goals and the objectives in the global market context. Apart from this, the major and obligatory requirement for the organization is to follow the codes of the conducts in order to provide adequate qualitative products to the public. This helps the organization to gain the adequate benefits in the competitive business environment along with gaining the competitive advantage in the community (CSL, 2017). Following are some of the ethics and the values from the perception of the organization: Innovation: Organization is pretty much focused in performing its activities with the adaptation of the innovative techniques for enhancing the organizational performance. Patient: The primary objective of the CSL Company is to serve its patients in appropriate manner so that they could be able to fight with their severe diseases. Enhanced performance: They have updated its activities regularly for improving the performance of the organization and to build an effective image in the global pharmaceutical world (Grajales, et. al., 2014). Integrity: They have adopted this feature in their workplace in order to serve the society with appropriate qualitative medicines. This also helps the organization to develop distinct level of trust in the customers mind-sets towards the company. Team Work: CSL Company also believes in the teamwork activities for attaining its goals and the objectives in the standard time set up by the management of the organization. CSL has developed their vision and the mission for attaining the separate and adequate image in the global market and for this; they use natural resources for manufacturing medicines and other types of medical products. Apart from this, organization has adopted the strategy of holistic approach and the eco-friendly packaging to protect the environment. These strategies are capable enough to gather adequate amount of competitive advantage in the global market. These strategies help them to serve the patients with appropriate qualitative products. It shows the value of the organization towards its consumers and towards the society (Witcomb, 2015). For instance, if the medicines adopted by the consumers will not be of adequate quality, it will affect their health. To make the consumers experience better, organization has made their primary goals as to provide adequate qualitative and effective medicines so that consumers could be able to fight with the particular disease from which they are suffering. In context to this, organization has adopted the innovation strategy so that they could improve their medicines regularly as per the consumers requirements (Armstrong, et. al., 2015). Apart from these things, organization has implemented their quality and other measures sincerely in their workplace for meeting with its goals and the objectives. As discussed above, organization has implemented the ethical values in their workplace for matching up the level of expectations set by the consumers. The same is the reason which could help them to enhance their working procedures for enhancing their image in the target market. Organization has managed its activities in an appropriate manner through which they could develop a positive impact on the society. And the strategies adopted by them are updated regularly with their innovative techniques with the objective to enhance the organizational performance and to gain competitive advantage in the global market. CSL has developed its strategies in accordance with its competitors strategies in order to attain sustainable growth (Quintana-Garca Benavides-Velasco, 2016). Human Resource Management Managing the human resource available with the company is quite difficult process and in order to accomplish the targets of the organization, this activity should be performed with adequate amount of integrity and by appointing right person at the right position. With the help of these techniques, organization is able to gain appropriate positive image in the global market over its competitors. For the same, they have developed a separate team in relation to the research and development which are concerned about the inventing new technologies and formulas to enhance the performance and the effectiveness of the existing medicines of the organization. Apart from this, organization has also implemented the procedure of developing cooperation in their teams (Lainez, et. al., 2017). Cooperation is vital element through which organization could attain its desired goals inappropriate set of time. For improving its staff's capabilities, organization has adopted effective training and counsel ing sessions for enhancing the growth opportunities. Till the time, effective training measures will not be provided to the employees, organization will not be able to get the work done from its employees as per the expectations of the management. Apart from this, it also helps the organization to save its time because employees will be able to understand the expectations, procedures as well as the method used to perform the particular activity with regards to accomplish the targets of the organization (Bueno, Merino Murcia, 2016). Organization is also responsible towards the employees in terms of providing ethical and safe workplace because it is the major concern through which employees could feel safe and secure working in the workplace provided by the organization. This technique builds positive image in the employee's mindsets and fulfilling their basic needs influence them to perform in a team so that goals and the objectives could be attained in the appropriate period of time (Schaltegger Burritt, 2014). Leadership CSL has moulded their functionalities in such a manner which could have helped them to attain their desired goals and the targets. With the effect of this, it makes them unique and distinct from its competitors. CSL has a global leadership group through which they get appropriate directions to reach towards its objectives and to meet the standards built up by them are effective enough to accomplish its targets. They have adopted the democratic leadership style under which all the employees are invited to the decision-making process of the organization. And the most appropriate decision is being selected as per the majority basis. With the help of democratic style of leadership, organization is capable enough to gain appropriate goodwill in the dynamic business environment. To attain the sustainable growth in the competitive business environment, leaders focus on both the aspects i.e. organizational as well as employees'. Maintaining balance between the organizational requirements and the employee's requirements is bit difficult task but the leadership style adopted by the CSL group is impressive enough to gain adequate competitive advantage in the business environment (Strand, 2014). Controlling value chain and technology The concept of the value chain has been considered as an integral part as this process comprises of supplying the products to the potential consumers. CSL is required to essentially adapt an effective supply chain management system so as to offer timely services to the service users and patients. Modifications and up-gradation are also required in the value chain system for the entity so as to be in the competitive environment (Barea, 2015). Technology has also been considered as an empirical player in the operations and activities of the organization. For growing in the largest market the entity has implemented various advanced technologies and from which they have an ease in gathering opportunities for sustaining and growing. The therapeutic product is the latest advancement which has been invented by the company for fulfilling the requirements of the patients. Moreover, the business entity has also been operating in the various regions all over the world and so as to offer the services globally (Tseng, Lim Wong, 2015). Future managerial strategies The below described are the strategies on which focus should be made so as to initiate effectiveness in the operations: Product strategy: The business entity operates in offering services and products which are utilized for preventing and curing the lives of many people. The main objective behind offering the products and services is saving the lives and make them lead a healthy life. The below mentioned are the key products offered by CSL: Antivenom Vaccines Other diagnostic products Plasma therapies Moreover, the organization should also focus on a clear and visible packaging and labelling and that too in eco-friendly material (Clarysse, et. al., 2014). Pricing strategy: Competitive pricing strategy should be implemented by offering discounts and various offers over the products which will aid the entity in bringing prices of products down as compared to that of the rivals. In case of the bulk purchase, the entity can offer great discounts so as to bring a hike in sale (Short, Toffel Hugill, 2016). Promotional strategy: The term promotion has been considered as one of the significant mechanisms so as to increase and develop awareness about the product. The business organization will also be able to bring an enhancement in the effectiveness in making the products presented in-front of the potential consumers. The promotion strategies implemented will aid the entity in enhancing and developing the market share and goodwill (Pagell Shevchenko, 2014). Conclusion Recommendations In the limelight of the above-executed analysis, it has been inferred that CSL is a business corporation which has been offering products and services so as to cure and make the people in leading a safe and healthy life. The business entity is involved in the operations of development of the products in such a manner that they are assisting the audience in curing their diseases. The above report has been made focused on the sustainable practices and operations which are being practiced by the organization so as to survive in the competitive environment. It has been recommended that entity should concentrate on delivering quality products with a reasonable pricing scheme. The stores and health care centers should be located in the areas which are easily accessible for timely availability of the medications. Natural and environmentally friendly resources should be utilized so as to enhance the quality and societal approach of the products. References Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015, Marketing: an introduction, Pearson Education. Barea, J.M., 2015, Future challenges and perspectives for applying microbial biotechnology in sustainable agriculture based on a better understanding of plant-microbiome interactions, Journal of soil science and plant nutrition, 15(2), pp.261-282. Bueno, E., Merino, C. and Murcia, C., 2016, Intellectual Capital as a Strategic Model to Create Innovation in New Technology Based Firms, In Competitive Strategies for Small and Medium Enterprises (pp. 93-105). Springer International Publishing. Clarysse, B., Wright, M., Bruneel, J. and Mahajan, A., 2014, Creating value in ecosystems: Crossing the chasm between knowledge and business ecosystems, Research Policy, 43(7), pp.1164-1176. CSL, 2017, Board Management, retrieved from https://www.csl.com.au/about/board-management.htm. CSL, 2017, CSL Behring Acquires Biotech Company Calimmune and its Proprietary Stem Cell Gene Therapy Platform, retrieved from https://www.csl.com.au/investors/CSL-Behring-Acquires-Biotech-Company-Calimmune-and-its-Proprietary-Stem-Cell-Gene-Therapy-Platform. CSL, 2017, Our products areas, retrieved from https://www.csl.com.au/products. Grajales III, F.J., Sheps, S., Ho, K., Novak-Lauscher, H. and Eysenbach, G., 2014, Social media: a review and tutorial of applications in medicine and health care, Journal of medical Internet research, 16(2). Lainez, M., Gonzlez, J.M., Aguilar, A. and Vela, C., 2017, Spanish strategy on bioeconomy: towards a knowledge based sustainable innovation, New Biotechnology. Pagell, M. and Shevchenko, A., 2014, Why research in sustainable supply chain management should have no future, Journal of supply chain management, 50(1), pp.44-55. Quintana-Garca, C. and Benavides-Velasco, C.A., 2016, Gender diversity in top management teams and innovation capabilities: The initial public offerings of biotechnology firms, Long Range Planning, 49(4), pp.507-518. Schaltegger, S. and Burritt, R., 2014, Measuring and managing sustainability performance of supply chains: Review and sustainability supply chain management framework, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 19(3), pp.232-241. Short, J.L., Toffel, M.W. and Hugill, A.R., 2016, Monitoring global supply chains, Strategic Management Journal, 37(9), pp.1878-1897. Strand, R., 2014, Strategic leadership of corporate sustainability, Journal of Business Ethics, 123(4), pp.687-706. Tseng, M., Lim, M. and Wong, W.P., 2015, Sustainable supply chain management: A closed-loop network hierarchical approach, Industrial Management Data Systems, 115(3), pp.436-461. Witcomb, G, 2015, CSl growth to slow as competition rises, retrieved from https://www.intelligentinvestor.com.au/CSLs-growth-to-slow-as-competition-rises